Progression

Basic Mathematics

1.
Arithmetic Progression
Geometric Progression
An arithmentic Progression is a sequence in which the difference between two consecutive forms like the nth and (n+1) th term is constant.
A geometric progression in which the ratio of each term to the one before it is constant. The ratio is called the common ratio.

i) 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, .....................................

ii) 1, ..............................

i) 3, 6. 12, 24, 48, ............................... ii) 2, 1,

Formula ; (i) a+(n-1)d

ii)
Formula ; (i) nth term Tn = ar n-1

(ii) Sn =
2. Given r th term of arithmetical Progression is n and nth term is r.

Soln : Let, the first term is a and general difference is d.

\ rth term = a + (r-1) d

\ nth term = a + (n-1)d

According to the question,

a + (r-1) d= n

= a + rd – d = n ......................... (ii)

and a + (n-1) d = r

= a + nd – d = r ------------------- (ii)

Now from (ii) - (i) we get,

a + nd – d – (a + rd – d) = r – n

= a + nd – d – a – rd + d = r- n

= nd – rd = r – n

= d ( n- r) = r – n

= d (n – r ) = r – n

= d ( n – r) = - (n-r)

= d =

\ d= -1

Now from (i), we got

a + rd – d = n

=> a + r (1) – (-1) = n

=> a – r + 1 = n

\ a = n + r -1

So, the mth term is = at (m-1) d

= n + r – 1+m-1 (-1)

= n + r – 1 – m + 1

= r + n – m

(Showed)

3. The sum of three number is a G..P. is 38 and their product is 1728. Find the numbers.

Soln
Let the number be
Their product

=> a3 = 1728

=> a = 12
So the numbers are
The sum of these numbers = 38

=>

=>

=> 12r2 + 12r + 12 = 38r

=> 12r2 + 12r – 38r + 12 = 0

=> 12r – 26r + 12 = 0

=> 2 (6r2 - 13r + 6) = 0

=> 6r2 -13r + 6 = 0

=> 6r2 – 9r - 4r + 6 = 0

=> 3r (2r – 3 ) -2 ( 2r-3) = 0

=> (3r-2) (2r-3) = 0

\ 3r- 2 = 0 2 r – 3 = 0

\ r = \ r =

r = gives the numbers us =

= 12 ´

= 18, 12, 8

r = gives the number as = ,

= 12 ´ 12, 12,

= 8, 12, 18

Which same as the first set

Hence the required rumbers are 8, 12, 18 Ans

4. Find the sum of first 10 terms of a G. P. given by 1,

Soln : Here, the first term is a = 1

Common ratio, r = - = - < 1

and n = 10 (given)

\The sum of first 10 terms

S10 =

=

=

=

=

=

=

Ans :

5. The rate of monthly salary of a person increased annually in A. P. It is known that he was darning TK. 200 and TK. 380 a month during 11th and 29th year of his service respectively. What was his starting alary and what was his total earnings during 29 years of his service ?

Soln- Let,

T11 = 200 = a + (11-1) d ................... (i)

T 29 = 380 = a + (29-1) d ................. (ii)

Starting salary a = ? Total earnings during 29 years T 29 ´ 12 = ?

\ S29 = {2a + (n-1)d}

= {2a + (29-1)d } .................................. (iii)

ii)- (i) 180 = 28d- 10d

= 180 = 18d

= 18d = 180

= d =

\ d= 10

d = 10, we have get (i)

200 = a + (11-1) 10

=> 200 = a + 100

=> a + 100 = 200

=> a = 200-100

\ a = 100

Starting salary is 100 taka

S29 = {2´100 + (29-1)10}

= (200 + 280)

= ´480

= 6960

\ Total earnings during 29 years S29 = S29 ´ z

= 6960 ´ 12

= 83,520 taka

Ans : 83,520 taka

6. A class consists of a number of boys whose ages are in arithmetical progression, the common difference being 6 months. If the youngest boy of the class be only 10 years old and sum of the ages of all the boy’s in the class be 169 years. Find the number of boys and the age of the oldest boy in the class.

Sol : The first term of the A. P. is 10, i. e, a1 and the common difference is or 6 months.

Let, n be the required number of boys. using the formula sn= {2a+(n-1)d }

In this case sn = 169, a= 10, d =

Substituting the given values, we have

169 = {2.10 + (n-1) }

=> 169 = (20 + )

=> 169 =

=> 169 = (

=> 169 =

=> n2 + 39n = 676

=> n2 + 39n - 676 = 0

=> n2 + 52n - 13n - 676 = 0

=> n (n+52)-13 (n+52)=0

=> (n+52) (n-13) = 0

Hence n=13, or, n=-52, the negative value of n being inadmissible.

Therefore the number of boys in the class in 13.

The age of oldest boy in the class i. e. the 13th term of the series is,

an = a + (n-1) d

= 10+(13-1)

= 10 +12 ´ = 16 years Ans

7. Find the sum of the first 17 terms of the geometric progression

9, -3, 1, -.................

Sol : Using the formula sn =

In this case, a = 9, r = - , n = 17

Substituting the given value, we have

Sn =

=

=

=

= (APP) Ans
8. Sum to n terms the series 7 + 77 + 777 + ..................

Solv : Sn = 7 ( 1+11+111 + ...................... to n terms)

= [ 9 + 99 + 999 + ...................... to n terms ]

= [(10-1) + (102-1) + (103-1) + .............. to n terms ]

= [ (10 + 102 + 103 + ........................ to n terms)- (1+11+111+ ........ to n

terms)]

= [(10 + 102 + 103 + ....................... + 10n)-n]

=

=

= Ans

9. A man secures an interest free loan of TK 14,500 from a friend and agrees to repay it in ten instilments. He pays TK. 1,000 as first instilment and then increases each instatement by equal amount over the preceding instilment. What will be his last instilment ?

Solv : We know, Sn = {2a+(n-1)d}

=> 14500 = {2.1000 + (10-1) d }

=> 14500 = 5 (2000 + 9d)

=> 14500 = 10,000 + 45d

=> 45d = 4500

\ d = 100

So the last instilment is, an = a+(n-1) d

a10 = 1000 + (10-1)100

= 1000 + 900

= TK 1900 Ans

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Industrial Conflict

Industrial Conflict

Introduction:
Conflict means different things to different people. For some, a definition of conflict involves fighting, war, and trade embargos and so on. For others, it may be a difference in opinion, perspective or personality.

Industrial Conflict is the situation where disputes and disagreements arise between employees’ and employers over matters related to the working conditions. Conflict is endemic among human grouping because of the divergent interests which are usually diametrically opposed. While employers must maximize his profit by reducing to the minimum level the cost of production which is usually at the detriment of the employees, employees (usually represented by trade union) seek to secure a work condition of a bearable standard and better remuneration. In view of the above, conflict springs up. Industrial conflict (also refer to as trade union) therefore is defined as "any disagreement or dispute between workers and workers or between workers and employers regarding the condition of employments of workers and the general conditions relating to their employment" Industrial conflict can be formal or informal.

While informal conflict in an industrial organization is usually associated with low skilled and purely educated workmen and such conflicts are generally unorganized, exhibited in individual actions such as absenteeism, sabotage, theft etc. Formal conflict on the other hand is associated with high skilled and well educated workers who are properly organized and such formal conflict is usually spearheaded by union leaders who are referred to as "aggitators". Example of organized/formal conflict is strike or withdrawal of service.

One party may feel they are in a conflict situation, when the other party feels that they are just discussing opposing views. A lot depends on our personal "take" of the situation. As managers, we need to be aware of how conflict arises and how to manage conflict. If unhealthy conflict is allowed to develop, the spin off effects can result in lasting damage to relationships and the business.

Defining Industrial Conflict:
So as we can see, there are lots of opportunities for conflict. As a manager, we can take practical steps to minimize unhealthy conflict. Here we will cover two perspectives on the definition of conflict:

When disputes arise in the workplace, they may be because of the roistering schedule or more serious matters, such as the inability of stakeholders to reach a settlement on the negotiation of new wage agreements or things such as unfair dismissals of employees.

An industrial dispute may be defined as a conflict or difference of opinion between management and workers on the terms of employment. It is a disagreement between an employer and employees' representative; usually a trade union, over pay and other working conditions and can result in industrial actions. When an industrial dispute occurs, both the parties, that is the management and the workmen, try to pressurize each other. The management may resort to lockouts while the workers may resort to strikes, picketing or gheraos.

As per Section of Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, an industrial dispute in defined as any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and which is connected with the employment or non-employment or the terms of employment or with the conditions of labor, of any person.

This definition includes all the aspects of a dispute. It, not only includes the disagreement between employees and employers, but also emphasizes the difference of opinion between worker and worker. The disputes generally arise on account of poor wage structure or poor working conditions. This disagreement or difference could be on any matter concerning the workers individually or collectively. It must be connected with employment or non-employment or with the conditions of labor. From the point of view of the employer, an industrial dispute resulting in stoppage of work means a stoppage of production. This results in increase in the average cost of production since fixed expenses continue to be incurred. It also leads to a fall in sales and the rate of turnover, leading to a fall in profits. The employer may also be liable to compensate his customers with whom he may have contracted for regular supply. Apart from the immediate economic effects, loss of prestige and credit, alienation of the labor force, and other non-economic, psychological and social consequences may also arise. Loss due to destruction of property, personal injury and physical intimidation or inconvenience also arises.

For the employee, an industrial dispute entails loss of income. The regular income by way of wages and allowance ceases, and great hardship may be caused to the worker and his family. Employees also suffer from personal injury if they indulge into strikes n picketing; and the psychological and physical consequences of forced idleness. The threat of loss of employment in case of failure to settle the dispute advantageously, or the threat of reprisal action by employers also exists.

Prolonged stoppages of work have also an adverse effect on the national productivity, national income. They cause wastage of national resources. Hatred may be generated resulting in political unrest and disrupting amicable social/industrial relations or community attitude.


Causes Of Industrial Disputes:
Fundamentally industrial dispute is due to mental unrest or discontent in the workers. Thus unrest is a psychological fact but it also social, political and economic aspects. Briefly, the causes of industrial disputes in India may be classified as follows:

(1) Low Wages. In India the remuneration paid to workers for their work is not adequate to meet their daily expenses. They can neither provide for the education of their children nor can they feed them properly. Their living conditions are deplorable. Their future is uncertain and a deep sense of in-security pervades their life. With the death of the earning member the dependents are reduced to penury and compelled to take to beggary, prostitution and other social evils. The low wages are the main reason of discontent among the workers. It is this discontent which ultimately expresses itself in the form of industrial disputes and tensions.

(2) Rising Prices. If we review the statistics regarding the wages of workers in India we find that in most states the wages have doubled. For example, in 1954, the average annual income of workers in Andhra Pradesh was Rs. 595, which in the year 1964 rose to Rs. 1097. However, the doubling of income has brought no relief to the workers; because whereas the wages have gone up by 200% the prices have risen 400%. Thus the real income of the workers has in fact dropped sharply. After the Second World War, the prices of commondities have been steadily rising, eroding the real earning of the workers. Therefore this inflationary spiral has made the workers poorer still. Thus obviously produces tension and conflict among workers.

(3) Lack of Link in D.A. & Price Rise. The various trade unions in India have been clamoring for 100% neutralization of prices rise by corresponding increase in the Dearness Allowance. This, however, has not happened in all industries. This is a great source of conflict and tension between workers and their employers.

(4) Unsatisfactory Working Conditions. Another cause of industrial disputes is the fact that the working conditions in most of the factories are unhygienic and poor in respect of lighting and ventilation. Thus tells upon the health of the workers. They are mostly suffering from some or the other chronic aliment. Being ill and unhealthy they are depressed and irritable. This make them permanently discontented.

(5) Demand for Leave with Pay. Like workers everywhere the industrial workers, too, need holiday from work from time to time. Therefore, Trade Unions press for a permanent provision of regular leaves with pay. This is also a source of condition among workers and employers/

(6) Resistance Of Misconduct of Officers. Today there is sufficient awakening among the workers and they are very conscious of self respect and preserve it jealously. Therefore, any slight or insult by officers provokes them such incident many a time ignite fire of conflict and tension which take the form if gheraos etc.

(7) Demand for Adequate Bonus. The political leaders and trade unionists have inspired the workers in think and believe that they are partners in mills and factory as a result of their labour. Though in many industries bonus is being paid now, but the among or percentage of bonus is a source of frequent disputes among workers and employers.

(8) Demand for Re-instatement. At times the employers arbitrarily retrench many workers and this naturally is resisted by the affected workers. Besides, other workers are made to feel insecure. Therefore, the workers resist such moves. They stand united and agitate for the re-instatement of the retrenched colleagues.

(9) Non-recognition of Trade Unions. Sometimes employers refuse to recognize the trade unions in their factories. This too becomes a source of contention and conflict and may result in strikes etc.

(10) Retrenchment Due to Sophisticated Machinery. In modern industries many new and sophisticated machines are installed. These machines are labour-saving. Naturally, therefore, as a result of these there is retrenchment of workers. Recently, there was great hue and cry in the life Insurance Corporation of India due to installation of computers.

(11) Political causes. A major cause of industrial disputes is political machinations. Now-a-days various political parties in India view with each other to gain sympathy and support of workers and for this reason got out of way to support all types of agitations and even foment discontent among them.



Consequences of industrial disputes:
1) Unrest: As we have already mentioned, industrial conflicts and disputes led to widespread unrest in social life and also disruption of political harmony and peace.

2) Economic Loss: The industrial disputes most obviously injure the economic interest of both employees and employers. This effect is direct and palpable. But indirectly and in a subtle way this also prove economically harmful to nation as a whole.evryone ultimately is affected.

3) Economic Depression: The industrial disputes are not only harmful to the industry involved but led to all-round economic depression. A closure of one industry leads to the reduction of demand of goods of other industries or trades. For example closure of textile industry would lead to drastic reduction in the demand of cotton.

4) Hardships of Workers: The majority of India do not earn enough to be able to save something for the rainy days. They are hand to mouth, if not worse. Therefore, strikes and lockouts put unbearable burden on them and they are reduced to the level of beggars.

5) Threat of social security and public peace: If industrial disputes spread in an economic form they pose threat to public place.



Methods of Reducing Industrial Conflict:
The industrial disputes occur all over the world. The eminent sociologists, psychologists and economists all over world have given serious thought to this problem and have come out with some concrete suggestions to improve the industrial relations and reduce the conflict:

(1) Growth of Trade Unionism. Usually the workers face problems of which the employers are least aware. The brokers subject them to humiliation and exploit them in so many ways. This does not come to the notice of the employers or authorities. Unless the workers are well organized they cannot get their problems redressed. It is the task of trade unions to keep watch on the workers and help them to get redress for their grievances. In the presence of trade unions the workers feel mentally secure and this indirectly boosts production.

(2) Direct Contact between Workers and Employers. As we have had the occasion to refer to earlier, in many industries there is no direct contact between the employer and the workers and the employer is usually unaware of the problems faced by his employers. Therefore, even when the employers are considerable and sympathetic to workers they are unable to render great help because they are unaware of the real problems faced by the workers. Exploiting this lace of content between workers and employers, the political parties and brokers exploit the workers against the employers to grind their own axe. The best means of resolving this problem is to establish direct content between workers, and employers.

(3) Establishment of Conciliation Boards. A modern method of reducing industrial
tension and conflicts is the establishment of conciliation boards. Such Boards are constituted by persons nominated by workers, employers and Government. Whenever there is some point of dispute between workers and employers the matter is referred if these Boards. They try to resolve the dispute by finding common ground between the points of view of workers and employers. Such Boards have already been established all over India. In the Centre the Chief Labour Commissioner and in the state the labour commissioners head such boards.

(4) Establishment of Joint Committees. Another method usually employed to resolve disputes among employers and workers is to set up joint Committees consisting if the representatives of employers, workers and public. These committees meet from time to time and try to remove misunderstandings between workers and employers. Such joint Committees were established in 1957 and now their number is above 145.

(5) Establishment of Tripartite Committees. As the word tripartite implies these committees are composed of labour experts besides the nominees of the employers and workers. These persons try to sort out amicably the various misunderstanding and disputes which crop up from time to time.

(6) Labour Courts. Sometimes the disputes between workers and employers cannot be amicably resolved by any of the above-mentioned committees or the conciliation board. In order to decide such complex issues government has set up labour courts which decide the issues according the law. In India the Chief Labour Court is in Dhanbad. In Delhi, Dhanbad and Bombay there is one Industrial Tribunal each.

(7) Industrial Truce. Under emergency conditions government can declare industrial truce for a specified period. During this period there can be no strokes or lockouts or any other form of agitation.

By the above-mentioned means an attempt is made to settle, industrial disputes. However, the conditions are still not very satisfactory. The government of India has enacted many laws improve the condition of workers.


Conclusion:
For the employee, an industrial dispute entails loss of income. The regular income by way of wages and allowance ceases, and great hardship may be caused to the worker and his family. Employees also suffer from personal injury if they indulge into strikes n picketing; and the psychological and physical consequences of forced idleness. The threat of loss of employment in case of failure to settle the dispute advantageously, or the threat of reprisal action by employers also exists.

Prolonged stoppages of work have also an adverse effect on the national productivity, national income. They cause wastage of national resources. Hatred may be generated resulting in political unrest and disrupting amicable social/industrial relations or community attitudes.

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Management Information System

Management Information System

Introduction:
Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Financing is a topic of significant research interest of academics and an issue of great importance to the policy makers around the world. Economic, as well as technical and social arguments warrant the promotion of SMEs, as they create large scale, low-cost employment opportunities, use locally available inputs and technologies, mobilize small and scattered private savings, develop entrepreneurship, and correct the regional imbalance in development that exists in developing countries. Despite all these potentials, SMEs are disappearing, abandoning the potential role they could have played in economic development. Several studies have identified the major obstacles that include, but not limited to, financing, infrastructure facilities, taxes and regulations and stability in policies. This paper focuses on the financial constraints in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, among the formal sources, commercial banks are not interested because of the high risk and high supervision cost associated with this type of financing. Absence of sound collateral puts SMEs at a relative disadvantage. However. we have found that some of the commercial banks have some innovative. products or services targeting at SMEs only, while others have repackaged some of their existing products as SME products. The contribution of commercial banks is meager except BASIC bank Ltd. and BRAC Bank Ltd. It has been observed in the study that commercial banks disburse loans to this sector only when government introduces credit guarantee scheme in different capacity. Relationship lending technologies should be introduced in case of the existing transaction lending technologies.

GENERAL CONTEXT OF THE STUDY:
Like many other developing countries, Bangladesh has utilized the traditional blunt. approaches to rural development, such as the green revolution in agriculture, which was once thought to be capable of eradicating poverty through trickle-down effects on income and employment for the poor. In the 1960s, industrialization. was also thought to be able to absorb the surplus labor released from agriculture following capital-intensive technological innovations, which was also failed. the policy makers failed to realize that we should develop labor-intensive. Industries rather than capital-intensive industries because Bangladesh is a labor abundant but capital scarce country and SMEs have a natural comparative advantage. And it is widely claimed that relative to large capital-intensive industries, SMEs are more labor-intensive, that is they employ more labor.

Relative to capital than large enterprises producing the similar products. Moreover, SMEs have high potential for employment generation; require much lower investment per worker compared to large industries. A Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) estimate shows that BDT 50,000 and BDT 5,000 are required per worker in small industries and cottage industries respectively compared to BDT 500,000 in large scale industries (BSCIC Annual Report, 1997 – 98).

Origin of the study:
This project report is generated under the academic supervision of Mr. Rahmat Ullah Mia lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Leading University, Sylhet. This report is prepared as the partial requirement of MBA program under Business Administration Department. The topic is “SME Banking Practices in Prime Bank Ltd.

Objectives and Scope of the study:
Ø To know about overall SME banking activity around Bangladesh.
Ø To observe and understand the process of SME banking.
Ø To identify the prospect of SME loan
Ø To identify the sector of SME investment.

Methodology of the study:
All the information incorporated in this report has been collected both from the primary sources and as well as from the secondary sources. The details of these sources are highlighted in the following.

Primary Source of Data:
Ø Discussion with officials of SME banking divisions.
Ø Face to face conversation with the clients.

Secondary Sources of Data:
Ø Annual Reports of SME banking Division.
Ø Other published documents.
Ø Internet.

Data Collection and presentation Techniques:
For collaborating the data and information collected through primary and secondary sources I have used both qualitative and quantitative method. I choose the SME banking Practices in Prime Bank Ltd. I tried to analyze the major or critical findings. Then, based on everything; I provided recommendations and conclude the research paper.

Limitations of the study:
Ø The Bank was a busy one having heavy rush of people, whom officers need to deal with. So allocation of time for an external researcher is very much tough.
Ø Time period was the other limitation for collecting information, which was only three month long.
Ø Insufficient supply of relevant books and journals.

Historical background of Prime Bank Limited:
Prime Bank Ltd. incorporated in 12th February 1995 and started operation in 17th April 1995. The sponsors are reputed personalities in the field of trade and commerce and their stake ranges from shipping to textile and finance energy etc. The bank has a network of 84 branches strategically located in different cities. All the branches are functioning in computerized environment. As a fully licensed commercial bank, Prime Bank Ltd. is being managed by a highly professional, prompt, and dedicated team with long experience in banking. the constantly focus on understanding and anticipating customer needs. The bank has already occupied an enviable position among its competitors after achieving success in all area of business operation. The growth of the deposit is growing fast. At the end of 2005 total deposits stood at TK.36022.4551 million. At the end of 2009 total deposits stood at TK. 106956 million. And to operate in commercial arena of Bangladesh Prime Bank Ltd emerges as a new bank in the private sector with their vision- “To be the most efficient in terms of customer services, profitability and technology application.

Product of SME (PBL)
Types of Loans: - There are different kinds of loans are preferred for different customer who can be fulfill the banking terms & condition. These are:
Ø SAHJA RIN (EASY LOAN)
Ø SAMPAD RIN (LOAN FOR CAPIRAL EXPENSES)
Ø CHALTI RIN (WORKING CAPITAL LOAN)
Ø MOUSHAMI RIN (SEASONAL LOAN)
Ø DIGUN RIN (DOUBE LOAN)
Ø ANCHOL RIN (LOAN)
Ø SAHJA RIN (EASY LOAN)

Item
Description
Product Description                 
Small enterprise (“SE”) customers are spread all over Bangladesh doing their business in a dignified manner. However, a commercial bank like Prime Bank Ltd. may not have its Branch network present in many pocket areas. Therefore, the Bank has established a handful number of SME Service Centers as well as engaged number of outsourcing agents to makes SE loans available in remote places to help improve SE’s access to bank finance.

To specifically cater to the financing needs of these remotes SE customers, Prime Bank Ltd. has introduced a new loan product stye\led “Sahaj” to provide easy access to SE customers.
1. Customer segment
Any SE customers
2. Purpose
Any justifiable business purpose.
3. Nationality
Bangladeshi
4. Age limit
From 21 years up to 60 years
5. Minimum income
Minimum income must commensurate with the amount of loan requested
6. Loan size
· Tk 21ac to Tk 6 lac
· The full amount may be allowed without any collateral security.
SAMPAD RIN (Loan for Capital Expenses)
Item
Description
Product Description

Small and medium enterprise (“MSE”) customers strive to grow by the dint of their dedicated and hard work. However, to sustain the business operation and secure a continual growth, they require external (financial) suport in addition to their hard work to position themselves in the environmental supra-system. Moreover, to meet increased customers demand successful SME business often find it necessary to go for profitable expansion. However, they fail to address such demand most of the times due to dearth of capital.

In order to help SME customers to achieve their desired and justified level
Any SE customers
To provide capital for business expansion
to finance purchase of capital machineries
3. Nationality
Bangladeshi
4. Age limit
From 21 years up to 60 years
5. Minimum income
Minimum income must commensurate with the amount of loan requested
6. Loan size
· Tk 2 lac to Tk 50 lac for SE customer
· Tk 2 lac to 300 lac for ME customers
Ø Chalti rin (working capital loan)
ltem
Description

Product Description
Small enterprise and medium enterprise (“SME”) customers are may need running capital at any time to operate their business smoothly. Therefore, These entrepreneurs are required to ensure source of continuous finance so that their business activities are not interrupted. In order to hilp SME customers rin their business in an uninterrupted manner, prime Bank Ltd. has introduced a product styled “Chalti rin to augment working capital base of these customers to help finance day to day business.
1. Customer segment
Any SME customers
2. Purpose
To meet any justifiable working capital need.
3. Nationality
Bangladeshi
4. Age limit
From 21 years up to 60 years
5. Minimum income
Minimum income must commensurate with the amount of loan requested
6. Loan size
Tk 2 lac to Tk 50 hlac for SE customers
Tk 2 lac to Tk 300 lac for ME customers

Recommendation
A bank is a institution that is to remain active for a long term. In this mean time if the good will of the bank is affected due to negative word of mouth and poor services, ultimately a major section of the customer will switch the banks because of competitor finding the gap and filling it.

· At present the SBI branch is not able to sanction loan that are provide by the other branches of SBI in Bangladesh.
· SBI branch is not able to sanction loan without the consent of main branch.
· The bank should provide loan to poor people and motivate them for repay loan on time.
· They also provide loan on productive sector which improve the socio economic condition of the reason.

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Constitutional Supremacy of Bangladesh

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
Modern states are welfare states and principal purpose of such a state is public welfare. This trend of public welfare is being, to some extent, reflected in most of the written constitutions of states when they adopt some directive principles in their constitutions.

Why Economic Social and Cultural Rights are Enumerated in the Directive Principles of State Policy

It has been almost a common feature of all the constitutions containing directive principles that the part of these directives of the Constitution contains economic, social and cultural rights whereas the part of fundamental rights contains civil and political rights. Economic, social and cultural rights have found their origin primarily in the Socialist and Marxist revolution of the early 20tgh century. Following the Socialist October revolution this new category of citizens’ rights first got their constitutional recognition in the Soviet Constitution of 1918. Thenceforth they are being gradually included in most modern constitutions as programmers’ or manifesto’ rights of promotional nature. 1 They are rights of promotional nature in the sense that their implementation and enforcement depends of the economic progress and availability of resources in the country. If these rights are placed in the part of fundamental rights of the Constitution, then the state would be legally bound to enforce them are the citizens would have a legal right to get them enforced through the courts and it would virtually lead a developing stgate with limited resources into a precarious problem. This is why all economic, social and cultural rights are placed in the part of directive principle as rights of a promotional nature not with any constitutional guarantee to enforce them immediately but with pledge to take steps to the maximum of available resources with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of these rights. On the other hand, the enforcement of civil and political rights are not necessarily connected with the economic progress and natural resources; they can be enforced in almost every circumstances.

Distinction between fundamental Rights and Directive Principles

There are some fundamental distinction between directives and fundamental rights.
First, when certain human rights are written down in Constitution, are supreme law, and are protected by constitutional guarantees they are called fundamental rights. Directive Principles, on the other hand, are policies relating to social, economic and cultural rights which are to be followed in governance of the country.

Second, fundamental rights are enforceable in a court of law and they create justifiable rights in favour of individuals. And the courts can enforce them against the government. Again, the courts are competent to declare as void any law that is inconsistent with any of the fundamental rights. The directives, on the other hand, are not enforceable in a court of law and they do not create any justifiable rights in favour of individuals. The courts cannot compel the government to carry out any of the directives. Again ,the courts cannot declare any law void, which is otherwise valid, on the ground that it contravenes any of the directive principles.

Significance of the Directive Principles
When the directive principles are not judicially enforceable it is very natural to comment that they are mere decoratives in the Constitution and most of the prominent writers, as mentioned earlier, have strongly criticized their inclusion in the constitution. But it is not proper to say that they are totally useless. They have some important significance.

Fundamental obligations of Government:
1. All organs of Government and all authorities and persons exercising legislative, executive or judicial powers shall conform to, observe and apply the provisions of this Chapter.

Government and the people:
2. (2.1) The Republic of Sierra Leone shall be a State based on the principles of Freedom, Democracy and Justice.

(2.2) It is accordingly declared that—

a. Sovereignty belongs to the people of Sierra Leone from whom Government through this Constitution derives all its powers, authority and legitimacy;

b. The security, peace and welfare of the people of Sierra Leone shall be the primary purpose and responsibility of Government, and to this end it shall be the duty of the Armed Forces, the Police, Public Officers and all security agents to protect and safeguard the people of Sierra Leone; and

c. The participation of the people in the governance of the State shall be ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

Political objectives:
3. (3.1) The motto of the Republic of Sierra Leone shall be Unity, Freedom and Justice.

(3.2) Accordingly, the State shall promote national integration and unity and discourage discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, circumstance of birth, sex, religion, status, ethnic or linguistic association or ties.

(3.3) For the purposes of promoting national integration and unity, the State shall—

a. Provide adequate facilities for and encourage free mobility of people, goods and services throughout Sierra Leone; and

b. Secure full rights of residence for every citizen in all parts of the State.

(3.4) The State shall protect and defend the liberty of the individual, enforce the rule of law and ensure the efficient functioning of Government services.

(3.5) The State shall take all steps to eradicate all corrupt practices and the abuse of power.

Economic objectives:
4. (4.1) The State shall within the context of the ideals and objectives for which provisions are made in this Constitution—

a. Harness all the natural resources of the nation to promote national prosperity and an efficient, dynamic and self-reliant economy;

b. Manage and control the national economy in such a manner as to secure the maximum welfare and freedom of every citizen on the basis of social justice and equality of opportunity;

c. Protect the right of any citizen to engage in any economic activity without prejudice to the rights of any other person to participate in areas of the economy; place proper and adequate emphasis on agriculture in all its aspects so as to ensure self-sufficiency in food production; and

d. Ensure that Government shall always give priority and encouragement to Sierra Leoneans to participate in all spheres of the economy in furtherance of these objectives.

Social objectives:
5. (5.1) The Social Order of the State shall be founded on the ideals of Freedom, Equality and Justice.

(5.2) In furtherance of the Social Order—

a. Every citizen shall have equality of rights, obligations, and opportunities before the law, and the State shall ensure that every citizen has an equal right to all opportunities and benefits based on merit;

b. The State shall recognize, maintain and enhance the sanctity of the human person and human dignity; and

c. The Government shall secure and maintain the independence, impartiality and integrity of courts of law and unfettered access thereto, and to this end shall ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on the basis of equal opportunity, and that opportunities for recruiting justice are not denied any citizen by reason of economic or other disability.

(5.3) The State shall direct its policy towards ensuring that—

a. Every citizen, without discrimination on any grounds whatsoever, shall have the opportunity for securing adequate means of livelihood as well as adequate opportunities to secure suitable employment;

b. Conditions of service and work are fair, just and humane and that there are adequate facilities for leisure and for social, religious and cultural life;

c. The health, safety and welfare of all persons in employment are safeguarded and not endangered or abused, and in particular that special provisions be made for working women with children, having due regard to the resources of the State;

d. There are adequate medical and health facilities for all persons, having due regard to the resources of the State; there is equal pay for equal work without discrimination on account of sex, and that adequate and satisfactory remuneration is paid to all persons in employment; and

e. The care and welfare of the aged, young and disabled shall be actively promoted and safeguarded.

Educational objectives:
6. (6.1) The Government shall direct its policy towards ensuring that there are equal rights and adequate educational opportunities for all citizens at all levels by—

a. Ensuring that every citizen is given the opportunity to be educated to the best of his ability, aptitude and inclination by providing educational facilities at all levels and aspects of education such as primary, secondary, vocational, technical, college and university;

b. Safeguarding the rights of vulnerable groups, such as children, women and the disabled in security educational facilities; and providing the necessary structures, finance and supportive facilities for education as and when practicable.

(6.2) The Government shall strive to eradicate illiteracy, and to this end, shall direct its educational policy towards achieving—

a. Free adult literacy programs;
b. Free compulsory basic education at primary and junior secondary school levels; and
c. Free senior secondary education as and when practicable.

(6.3) The Government shall promote the learning of indigenous languages and the study and application of modern science, foreign languages, technology, commerce and business.

Foreign policy objectives:
7. The Foreign Policy Objectives of the State Shall be—

(a) The promotion and protection of the National interest;
(b) The promotion of sub-regional, regional and inter-African co-operation and unity;
(c) The promotion of international co-operation for the consolidation of international peace and security and mutual respect among all nations; and respect for their territorial integrity and independence; and
(d) Respect for international law and treaty obligations, as well as the seeking of settlement of international disputes by negotiation, conciliation, arbitration or adjudication.

Obligations of the mass media:
8. The press, radio and television and other agencies of the mass media shall at all times be free to uphold the fundamental objectives contained in this Constitution and highlight the responsibility and accountability of the Government to the people.

Enhancement of national culture:
9. The Government shall—

(a) Promote Sierra Leonean culture such as music, art, dance, science, philosophy, education and traditional medicine which is compatible with national development;
(b) Recognize traditional Sierra Leonean institutions compatible with national development;
(c) Protect and enhance the cultures of Sierra Leone; and
(d) Facilitate the provision of funds for the development of culture in Sierra Leone.

Duties of the citizen:
10. Every citizen shall—
(a) Abide by this Constitution, respect its ideals and its institutions, the National Flag, the National Anthem and authorities and offices established constituted under this Constitution or any other law;
(b) Cultivate a sense of nationalism and patriotism so that loyalty to the State shall override sectional, ethnic tribal or other loyalties;
(c) Protect and preserve public property and prevent the misappropriation and squandering of funds belonging to the Government, local authorities or public corporations;
(d) Help enhance the power, prestige and good name of the State and to defend the State and tender national service as may be required;
(e) Respect the dignity and religious of other individuals, and the rights and interests of others;
(f) Make positive and useful contributions to the advancement, progress, and well-being of the community, wherever he resides;
(g) Work conscientiously in a lawful and chosen occupation and abstain from any activity detrimental to the general welfare of others;
(h) Ensure the proper control and upbringing of his children and wards;
(i) Participate in and defend all democratic processes and practices; and
(j) Render assistance to appropriate and lawful agencies in the maintenance of law and order.

Fundamental principles not justifiable:
11. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 4, the provisions contained in this Chapter shall not confer legal rights and shall not be enforceable in any court of law, but the principles contained therein shall nevertheless be fundamental in the governance of the State, and it shall be the duty of Parliament to apply these principles in making laws.

Fundamental Principles of State Policy of Bangladesh
1. The principles of absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah, nationalism, democracy and socialism meaning economic and social justice, together with the principles derived from them as set out in this Part, shall constitute the fundamental principles of state policy.

2. Absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah shall be the basis of all actions.

3. The principles set out in this Part shall be fundamental to the governance of Bangladesh, shall be applied by the State in the making of laws, shall be a guide to the interpretation of the Constitution and of the other laws of Bangladesh, and shall form the basis of the work of the State and of its citizens, but shall not be judicially enforceable.

Article 9: Promotion of local Government institutions
The State shall encourage local Government institutions composed of representatives of the areas concerned and in such institutions special representation shall be given, as far as possible, to peasants, workers and women.

Article 10: Participation of women in national life
Steps shall be taken to ensure participation of women in all spheres of national life. Participation of women in national life.

Article 11: Democracy and human rights
The Republic shall be a democracy in which fundamental human rights and freedoms and respect for the dignity and worth of the human person shall be guaranteed 11* * * 12[, and in which effective participation by the people through their elected representatives in administration at all levels shall be ensured].

Article 13: Principles of ownership
The people shall own or control the instruments and means of production and distribution, and with this end in view ownership shall assume the following forms-

1. State ownership, that is ownership by the State on behalf of the people through the creation of an efficient and dynamic nationalized public sector embracing the key sectors of the economy;

2. Co-operative ownership, that is ownership by co-operatives on behalf of their members within such limits as may be prescribed by law; and

3. Private ownership, that is ownership by individuals within such limits as may be prescribed by law.

Article 14: Emancipation of peasants and workers
It shall be a fundamental responsibility of the State to emancipate the toiling masses the peasants and workers and backward sections of the people from all forms and exploitation.

Article 15: Provision of basic necessities
It shall be a fundamental responsibility of the State to attain, through planned economic growth, a constant increase of productive forces and a steady improvement in the material and cultural standard of living of the people, with a view to securing to its citizens-

1. The provision of the basic necessities of life, including food, clothing, shelter, education and medical care;

2. The right to work, that is the right to guaranteed employment at a reasonable wage having regard to the quantity and quality of work;

3. The right to reasonable rest, recreation and leisure; and

4. The right to social security, that is to say to public assistance in cases of undeserved want arising from unemployment, illness or disablement, or suffered by widows or orphans or in old age, or in other such cases.

Article 16: Rural development and agricultural revolution
The State shall adopt effective measures to bring about a radical transformation in the rural areas through the promotion of a agricultural revolution, the provision of rural electrification, the development of cottage and other industries, and the improvement of education, communications and public health, in those areas, so as progressively to remove the disparity in the standards of living between the urban and the rules areas.

Article 17: Free and compulsory education
The State shall adopt effective measures for the purpose of -

1.establishing a uniform, mass-oriented and universal system of education and extending free and compulsory education to all children to such stage as may be determined by law ;

2. Relating education to the needs of society and producing properly trained and motivated citizens to serve those needs;

3. Removing illiteracy within such time as may be determined by law.

Article 18: Public health and morality
1. The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the improvement of public health as moving its primary duties, and in particular shall adopt effective measures to prevent the consumption, except for medical purposes or for such other purposes as may be prescribed by law, of alcoholic and other intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health.

2. The State shall adopt effective measures to prevent prostitution and gambling.

Article 19: Equality of opportunity
1. The State shall endeavor to ensure equality of opportunity to all citizens.

2. The State shall adopt effective measures to remove social and economic inequality between man and man and to ensure the equitable distribution of wealth among citizens, and of opportunities in order to attain a uniform level of economic development throughout the Republic.

Article 20: Work as a right and duty
1. Work is a right, a duty and a matter of honor for every citizen who is capable of working, and everyone shall be paid for his work on the basis of the principle "from each according to his abilities to each according to his work".

2. The State shall endeavor to create conditions in which, as a general principle, persons shall not be able to enjoy unearned incomes, and in which human labor in every form, intellectual and physical, shall become a fuller expression of creative endeavor and of the human personality.

Article 21: Duties of citizens and of public servants
1. It is the duty of every citizen to observe the Constitution and the laws, to maintain discipline, to perform public duties and to protect public property.

2. Every person in the service of the Republic has a duty to strive at all times to serve the people.

Article 22: Separation of Judiciary from the executive
The State shall ensure the separation of the judiciary from the executive organs of the State. Separation of Judiciary from the executive.

Article 23: National Culture
The State shall adopt measures to conserve the cultural traditions and heritage of the people, and so to foster and improve the national language, literature and the arts that all sections of the people are afforded the opportunity to contribute towards and to participate in the enrichment of the national culture.

Article 24: National monuments, etc
The State shall adopt measures for the protection against disfigurement, damage or removal of all monuments, objects or places of special artistic or historic importance or interest.

Article 25: Promotion of international peace, security and solidarity
1. The State shall base its international relations on the principles of respect for national sovereignty and equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, peaceful settlement of international disputes, and respect for international law and the principles enunciated in the United Nations Charter, and on the basis of those principle shall-

i. Strive for the renunciation of the use of force in international relations and for general and complete disarmament;

ii. Uphold the right of every people freely to determine and build up its own social, economic and political system by ways and means of its own free choice; and

iii. Support oppressed peoples throughout the world waging a just struggle against imperialism, colonialism or racialism. 2. The State shall endeavor to consolidate, preserve and strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries based on Islamic solidarity. 

*   *   *

Fundamental State Policy of Bangladesh

Definition of Constitution:
Constitution is a body of rules written or unwritten which determine the organization of the state, the distribution of powers within the principle organs of the government and the relation between government and governed.

According to C.F Strong- A constitution may be said to be a collection of principles according to which the powers of the government, the rights of the governed and the relation between the two are adjusted.

Austin say’s that- The way of life the state has chosen for itself.
According to Lord Bryce- Constitution is the aggregate of laws and customs under which the life of the state goes on.

Classification of Constitution
Constitutions are widely classified into two categories, firstly written and unwritten, and secondly, rigid and flexible.

Written Constitution
A Written constitution is one in which the fundamental principles concerning state administration are embodied and which has, as a specific document been passed by a specific boy. So a written constitution can be produced and shown as a single document the us constitution. Indian constitution, Bangladesh constitution provide examples of written constitution.

Unwritten constitution:
The constitution has not been passed formally as a specific document by a Specific body and the fundamental principles concerning state administration exist in political customs. Judicial decisions and in some scattered document the constitution is an unwritten one. The British constitution Provides the glaring example of unwritten constitution.

Rigid:
The constitution which cannot be amended by ordinary law making procedure but a special procedure like two thirds or three fourths majority is needed, it is called a right constitution. For example Bangladesh constitution.

Flexible Constitution:
The constitution which can be amended by ordinary law making procedure is called a flexible constitution. For example. British constitution is a flexible.

Constitutional Supremacy
The Constitutional supremacy means that the Constitution is supreme over the parliament and the parliament can exercise its functions being only within the bounds of the Constitution. Constitutional supremacy is possible only where the constitution is written and rigid. This constitutional supremacy is also called judiciary supremacy in the scene that the judiciary the highest court of the land is supreme over the legislature Professor Hood Philips says that, “To say that a Constitution is supreme is to describe its relation to the legislature’s power to alter the Constitutions either limited or non-existent.”

Characteristics of Constitutional Supremacy
The doctrine of constitutional supremacy as contradistinguished form the parliamentary supremacy has following characteristics:

(i) The Constitution is written.
(ii) The Constitution must be rigid.
(iii) There must be, in the Constitution, either express or implied declaration that this Constitution shall be the supreme law and any other law inconsistent with this Constitution shall be void.
(iv) The parliament is created by the Constitution itself and it exercises its legislative power being within the pounds of the constitutional limitations.
(v) There is distinction between constitutional law and ordinary law.
(vi) There is an independent body (court) created by the constitution to examine the constitutionality of legislation made by the parliament and any action done by the executive.

How can the Supremacy of the Constitution be Maintained
Constitutional supremacy is never a matter of conventional sanction as is the case of parliamentary supremacy in Britain. Constitutional supremacy depends on the fulfillment of the following conditions:

The Constitution must be written:
If the Constitution is not written, the distinction between the fundamental law and ordinary law will be impossible; no restriction can be imposed on the parliament’s legislative power and as a result constitutional supremacy will not be possible.

The Constitution must be rigid:
If the Constitution is flexible then it can easily be amended by ordinary law making procedure and there will be on distinction between constitutional law and ordinary law, and it would then ultimately be parliamentary supremacy.

An Independent Judiciary:
An independent judiciary must be created by the Constitution itself and it must be given the status of a guardian of the Constitution and fundamental rights enumerated in the Constitution. Otherwise the test of constitutionality of any law made by the parliament and any action done by the executive will be impossible leading to the total impossibility of constitutional supremacy.

How is Constitutional Supremacy ensured in Bangladesh Constitution
The following points will help clarifying how the constitutional supremacy is ensured in the constitution of Bangladesh.

The Constitution of Bangladesh is a written one. It specifically prescribes the
manner how the power and functions of the organs of the government will be exercised.

It is a rigid Constitution. Because it can be amended only by two-thirds majority

(Art. 142). Again, to amend some provisions like the preamble, the form of government (Articles 48 & 56) and Fundamental Principles of State Policy (Art.8) a more stringent method has been provided for. in these cases even after the bill has been passed by two-thirds majority, a referendum is essential. This rigidity, therefore, imposes restriction on the power of the parliament on the one hand and ensures distinction between ordinary law and fundamental law on the other hand.

in is the Constitution and not the parliament which is supreme under the

Constitution of the Bangladesh. This is because, firstly, it is stated in the preamble that “it is our sacred duty to safeguard, protect and defend tis Constitution and to maintain its supremacy as the embodiment of the will of the people of Bangladesh”.

Secondly, Article 7 states “All powers in the Republic belong to the people, and

their exercise on behalf of the people shall be effected only under, and by the authority of, this Constitution. This constitution is, as the solemn expression of the will of the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if any other law is inconsistent with this Constitution that other law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.”

Thirdly, Article 26 states that “All existing law inconsistent with the provisions of
this part (i.e. fundamental rights) shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, become void on the commencement with the provisions of this part, and any law so made shall to the extent of such inconsistency be void.

Fourthly, Article 65 states that the legislative powers of the Republic shall,
subject to the provisions of this Constitution, be vested to the parliament.

Thus it is clear that the Constitution declares itself to be supreme over the parliament.

The declaration of Constitutional supremacy in the Constitution implicitly
presupposes the existence of an independent authority to examine the constitutionality of actions taken by the legislative and the executive. To that end the Constitution of Bangladesh has ensured in Articles 94 and 95 an independent organ–the Supreme Court. Under article 102 the Supreme Court has been empowered to scritinise the governmental actions done on violation of fundamental rights. Again, under Articles 7 and 26 the Supreme Court exercises the power of judicial review i.e. to examine the constitutionality of any law passed by the parliament. And a glaring example to this is the historic Eighth Amendment case. In that case the Supreme Court held the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution unconstitutional and invalid.

A. Judicial Review in Constitutional Supremacy
As mentioned earlier the doctrine of judicial review in the sense of constitutional supremacy refers to the powers of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of laws made by the legislatures. This is the primary and strict meaning of judicial review. But from broader and liberal point of view the doctrine includes the following things:

(i) Judicial review of laws made by legislatures;
(ii) Judicial enforcement of fundamental rights enumerated in the Constitution;
(iii) Judicial review of administrative actions under the provisions of the Constitution;
(iv) Judicial review of administrative actions under statutory law;
(v) Judicial review of delegated law.

The last two of these are principally the subject matter of administrative law.
Some aspects of all these will be discussed later under the headings of “Judicial review in Britain.” and “Judicial review in Bangladesh.”

Who is to exercise the Power of Judicial Review in a System of Constitutional Supremacy
In a governmental system with constitutional supremacy the Constitution itself creates a body empowering it to decide whether or not particular legislation contravenes the constitution and it is natural to commit this function to the judiciary. And the fact is that in most cases the highest seat of ordinary courts i.e. the Supreme Court exercises this power of judicial review. But this is not the case in everywhere. Somewhere provisions for separate constitutional court is maintained in the Constitution. For example, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany which is not a necessary part of ordinary court is invested with the power of judicial review. So is the case of Italian Constitutional Court. Again, the French system provides for a peculiar body exercising judicial review. The French Constitution is a written one with constitutional supremacy. But the Supreme Court of France i.e. La Cour de Cassatio has no power of judicial review. The Constitution provides for a Constitutional Council (article 56) consisting of nine members. This Council has the power to test the constitutionality of law. Before organic laws (ordinary law) are promulgated, the Council must examine them to ensure that they do not conflict with the Constitution (Article 61). If a law is declared unconstitutional it cannot be promulgated or come into force (Article 62). This device differs from judicial review in the sense that the Council is not a court where judicial review operates expost facto. Once the Council declares a law constitutional, it is promulgated or comes into force and no further question as to the constitutionality of that law can be raised. There is no appeal against the decision the decision of the Council which is binding on all public, administrative and judicial authorities. To be mentioned here that the power of judicial review as mentioned under this heading in respect of its operating body refers necessarily to the doctrine of judicial review in strict sense. Because the other elements of judicial review are applied mostly be ordinary courts.

*    *    *

PORTER’S FIVE FORCES OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

PORTER’S FIVE FORCES OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Michael Eugene Porter (born May 23, 1947)is the Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at. He is a leading authority on company strategy and the competitiveness of nations and regions. Michael Porter’s work is recognized in many governments, corporations and academic circles globally. He chairs Harvard Business School's program dedicated for newly appointed CEOs of very large corporations.

Five forces of competitive advantage are proposed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It is a well-known model for industry analysis and business strategy development. This model is used to know the attractiveness and profitability of the industry. Porter’s model includes the following elements.

The Threat of New Entrants:
In an industry, which has profitability is attractive for new business entry. A huge number of businesses in any industry increase the competition and decrease profitability. There are some factors on which new entry in any industry depends.
Initial investment
Regulatory barriers.
Market barriers
Environmental barriers

Bargaining Power of Buyers:
Buyer’s main intention is to receive the product at lowest price but highest quality. Industry condition enables or disables buyers to bargain. Following factors can be influencing in increasing or decreasing bargaining power of buyers. The higher bargaining power of buyer ensure high competitive industry condition.
Buyer volume
Buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs
Buyer information availability
Availability of existing substitute products
Buyer price sensitivity

Bargaining power of suppliers:
Bargaining power of suppliers also has effect on competitiveness of any industry. Following factors have effect on bargaining power of supplier.
Demand for the raw materials
Availability of raw materials
Presence of substitute inputs
Strength of distribution channel
Rivalry among existing competitors:

For most industries, the intensity of competitive rivalry is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry.
Sustainable competitive advantage through innovation
Competition between online and offline companies
Level of advertising expense
Powerful competitive strategy

Threat of substitute products or services:
Availability of substitute products gives additional bargaining power to buyers and affects the competitiveness of the industry.
Buyer propensity to substitute
Relative price performance of substitute
Buyer switching costs
Perceived level of product differentiation
Number of substitute products available in the market
Ease of substitution

*   *   *

A proposal of Dissertation on James Joyce’s treatment of Modernism with special reference to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

James Joyce is one of the most important modernist writers who is also considered as a famous psycho – analyst. His A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is one of the important works of modern age. James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a semi – autobiographical chronicle of Stephen Dedalus’ odyssey from a student to an independent artist. A key example of Bildungsroman and religio – philosophical awakening of young Stephen Dedalus as he begins to question and rebel against the catholic and Irish conventions he is required to live with. He seeks independence by escaping from Ireland where he finds nothing himself to grow as an artist. Clearly, it is a novel about a young man’s gradual attainment of maturity and self consciousness facing a troubled and almost meaningless life in his home country. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a premier modernist work with its stylistic experimentations and technical innovations. It is, indeed a great work by a great writer.

This novel introduced us with different modernist aspects which touched me even it pushed me to think deeply and differently about literary world. That’s why I am very much interested to do my dissertation on the basis of this very interesting topic

*   *   *

Differences between Vision and Mission

Differences between Vision and Mission

Introduction:
Vision and Mission are the inspiring words chosen by successful leaders to clearly and concisely convey the direction of the organization. By crafting a clear mission statement and vision statement, you can powerfully communicate your intentions and motivate your team or organization to realize an attractive and inspiring common vision of the future. A Mission Statement defines the organization's purpose and primary objectives. Vision Statements also define the organizations purpose, but this time they do so in terms of the organization's values rather than bottom line measures The vision statement communicates both the purpose and values of the organization.

Vision:
Vision is a picture or mental image of what the organization should look like in the future.
Vision should describe a set of ideals and priorities, a picture of the future, a sense of what makes the company special and unique, a core set of principles that the company stands for, and a broad set of compelling criteria that will help define organizational success

Mission:
Missions are targets that focus on finishing the task.
A mission describes the organization’s basic function in society, in terms of the products and services it produces for its customers. Good missions are highly personalized- unique to the organization for which they are developed.

Goal
Goals are broad, general statements of intent.
Goal is the milestone the organization aims to achieve that evolves from the strategic issues. They transform strategic issues into specific performance targets that impact the entire organization. They can be qualitative or quantitative dependent upon usage.

Objective
Objectives are specific result or targets to be reached by a certain time.
Objectives are used to operationalize the mission statement. That is, they help to provide guidance on how the organization can fulfill or move toward the “high goals” in the goal hierarchy-the mission and vision. As a result, they tend to be more specific and cover a more well-defined time frame.

Differences between Goal and Objective:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Strategb:
Strategy is a kind of game plan. Strategy is kind of technique or tactics to achieve organizational goals.
Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations.

The business strategy of a company provides the big picture that shows how all the individual activities are coordinated to achieve a desired end result. It is through the strategy process that the overall direction of the business is set.

Southeast Bank Limited:
Southeast Bank Limited was established in 1995 with a dream and a vision to become a pioneer banking institution of the country and contribute significantly to the growth of the national economy. The Bank was established by leading business personalities and eminent industrialists of the country with stakes in various segments of the national economy. The incumbent Chairman of the Bank is Mr. Alamgir Kabir, FCA, a professional Chartered Accountant. Mr. M. A. Kashem a member of the Board and Mr. Yussuf Abdullah Harun were past Presidents of the Federation of Bangladesh Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI).

Vision of Southeast Bank Limited
• To be a premier banking institution in Bangladesh and contribute significantly to the national economy.
Missions of Southeast Bank Limited
• High quality financial services with state of the art technology
• Fast customer service
• Sustainable growth strategy
• Follow ethical standards in business
• Steady return on shareholders’ equity
• Innovative banking at a competitive price
• Attract and retain quality human resource
• Commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility
Goal of Southeast Bank Limited
• To provide best product and services to customers and make the bank reliable to all the clients.

Objectives of Southeast Bank Limited
• Integrity
• Respect
• Fairness
• Harmony
• Team spirit
• Courtesy

Strategies of Southeast Bank Limited
After analyzing all the available information, we think that, Southeast Bank Limited should follow Growth Strategy. Growth strategy is based on investing in companies which are growing faster than others in the same industry. Southeast Bank Limited has a large amount of market share in bank sector and market growth rate also high. According to Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix, Southeast Bank Limited is in the star position. So, it can follow growth strategy. On the other hand, Southeast Bank Limited can also follow Differentiation Strategy. Differentiation Strategy is a business strategy in which a company tries to gain a competitive advantage by providing a unique product or service, or providing a unique brand of customer service. Southeast Bank Limited can attract clients by providing different types of schemes which will differentiate them from different bank. So, Southeast Bank Limited can also follow differentiation strategy.

First Security Islami Bank Limited
First Security Islami Bank Limited (FSIBL) was incorporated in Bangladesh on 29 August 1999 as a banking company under Companies Act 1994 to carry on banking business. It obtained permission from Bangladesh Bank on 22 September 1999 to commence its business. The Bank carries banking activities through its Fifty Three (53) branches in the country. The commercial banking activities of the bank encompass a wide range of services including accepting deposits, making loans, discounting bills, conducting money transfer and foreign exchange transactions, and performing other related services such as safe keeping, collections and issuing guarantees, acceptances and letter of credit.

Vision of First Security Islami Bank Limited
• To be the unique modern Islami Bank in Bangladesh and to make significant contribution to the national economy and enhance customers' trust & wealth, quality investment, employees' value and rapid growth in shareholders' equity.

Missions of First Security Islami Bank Limited
• To be the most caring and customer friendly and service oriented bank.
• To create a technology based most efficient banking environment for its customers.
• To ensure ethics and transparency in all levels.
• To ensure sustainable growth and establish full value of the honorable shareholders and
• Above all, to add effective contribution to the national economy.

Goal of First Security Islami Bank Limited
• To exceed customer expectations through innovative Islamic financial products & services and establish a strong presence to recognize shareholder’s expectation and optimize their rewards through dedicated work force.

Objectives of First Security Islami Bank Limited
• To manage & operate the bank in the most effective manner.
• To strive our customers best satisfaction & win their confidence.
• To ensure a congenial working environment.
• To diversify portfolio in both retail & wholesale markets.

Strategies of First Security Islami Bank Limited
After analyzing all the available information, we think that, First Security Islami Bank Limited should follow Growth or Joint Venture Strategy. Growth strategy is based on investing in companies which are growing faster than others in the same industry. A joint venture is a business agreement in which parties agrees to develop, for a finite time, a new entity and new assets by contributing equity. First Security Islami Bank Limited has a small amount of market share in bank sector but market growth rate is high. According to Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix, First Security Islami Bank Limited is in the question mark or problem child position. So, we think, it should follow Growth or Joint Venture Strategy. On the other hand, First Security Islami Bank Limited can also follow Cost Leadership Strategy. Cost Leadership strategy is a business strategy in which a company tries to provide a product at a lower cost than any of its competitors. By using cost leadership strategy, First Security Islami Bank Limited can reduce their cost and increase profit. So it can also follow cost leadership strategy.

Organization Structure
An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. Organizational structure affects organizational action in two big ways. First, it provides the foundation on which standard operating procedures and routines rest. Second, it determines which individuals get to participate in which decision-making processes, and thus to what extent their views shape the organization’s actions.

Importance of Organizational Structure
Good organizational structure helps improve communication, increase productivity, and inspire innovation. It creates an environment where people can work effectively. Most productivity and performance issues can be attributed to poor organizational design. Poor organizational design often results in, among other things, confusion within roles, a lack of coordination among functions, and failure to share ideas. A company can have a clear mission, talented people, and great leaders, and still not perform well because of poor organizational design. To be effective, the overall organization design must be aligned with the business strategy and the market environment in which the business operates. It must also have the right business controls, the right flexibility, the right incentives, the right people, and the right resources.

Types of Organization Structure: (1)Functional Organization Structure:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Organization Chart of Southeast Bank Limited

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Consolation:

A vision and mission is not only for investors and for lenders but it also helps you to achieve your business goals in the best possible way. Writing the good vision and mission statement is not an easy task. Make sure that your vision and mission statements must be realistic and relevant to your business. Try to make it passionate and inspiring. For example, the mission statement of the famous brand NIKE is: CRUSH REEBOK. The mission and vision statement must be similar to your competitors. On the other hand, the right organizational structure can play an important role in an organization's evolution. By analyzing all mission, vision, goal, objective, strategy and organization structure of Southeast Bank Limited and First Security Islami Bank Limited, we can say that, these are important in their success in banking industry.

Business & international business

PARAGON
Business & international business:
International Business is a specific that
engages in business among multiple

countries
International Trade Theory
Buy low, sell high
Why do nations trade what they do?
Is trade a good thing

Options for doing business
Exporting goods and services.
Giving license to produce goods in the host country.
Starting a joint venture with a company.
Opening a branch for producing & distributing goods in the host country.
Providing managerial services to companies in the host country.

Theories for International Business
ü Comparative advantage theory
ü Absolute advantage theory
ü Perfect & imperfect Market theory

Theory of Comparative Advantage
a) Origin of Comparative Theory
b) Allow firm to penetrate foreign market
c) Make efficient for particular goods and services
d) Example

Theory of Absolute Advantage
Main concept come from Adam Smith
Absolutely more productive than another entity in the production of a good
Example

Practical example of Absolute Advantage


Theory of Perfect & imperfect Market
Definition of perfect market
Definition of imperfect market

Specific characteristics of perfect market
a) Infinite buyers and sellers
b) Zero entry and exit barriers
c) Perfect factor mobility
d) Perfect information
e) Zero transaction costs
f) Homogeneous products

Theory of Product Cycle
A firm initially establish itself locally
expand into foreign markets in response to foreign demand
Benefits of PLC Theory
PLC model gives managers the ability to forecast product directions
The PLC model can also be used as an explanatory tool in facilitating an understanding of past and future sales progression.
The PLC model is advantages in planning long-term offensive marketing strategies.

Diplomatic Agent, Diplomatic Servant and Consuls

Diplomatic Servants:
According to articles 29 to 35 of Vienna Convention of Diplomatic Relation, 1961 provided that if the servants are not the citizen of receiving state they would entitle to the privilege and immunities.

Can a Diplomatic agent waive or lose his immunity:
If he is called as a witness in a court of law and instead of claiming his immunity, he presents himself unconditionally in the court, it will be deemed that he was waived his immunity. He will thus lose his immunity. In such a case he cannot subsequently claim the immunity which he waived.

Consuls:
Consuls are the representatives of their States but they are not diplomatic agents. Their main function is to look after the commerce and trade interests of their countries. In recent years, the activities of the consuls have increased manifold. In view of the important function that they perform a Convention was adopted at Vienna on April 24, 1963.

Classification of Consuls:
i. Consuls-General
ii. Consuls
iii. Vice-Consul
iv. Consul-Agents

Functions of the Consul:
1. They protect the commercial interest of their States.
2. They supervise and look after shipping, etc. of their countries.
3. They look after the interests of their citizens and assist them in getting passport etc.
4. They perform certain other functions for the citizens of their States such as to testify signatures, registration of marriage, birth, death etc.

Rights and Immunities of Consuls:
As pointed out earlier, Consuls are not diplomatic agents. Therefore, they are not entitled to the immunities and privileges of the diplomatic agents. But such immunities and privileges may be conferred upon them on the basis of bilateral treaties or on the basis of reciprocities. Because of the increasing importance of trade and commerce in the modern time, generally the Consuls are also given the same immunities and privileges as are enjoyed by the diplomatic agents.

Termination of Diplomatic Mission:
a) Recall of Envoy
b) Notification in regard to envoys functions
c) On the request of the receiving State
d) By delivery of passport
e) Persona-non-gratia
f) End of the object of the mission
g) Expiration of the Letter of Credence

Can a state refuse to accept Diplomatic Agent:
1. if the diplomatic agent is considered harmful for the receiving state.
2. if the diplomatic agent has by his declaration or conduct, done some inimical thing.
3. if he is a citizen of receiving state.

Special mission of Permanent nature:
Sometimes states may also appoint diplomatic agents for special mission.

THE NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS LAW

INTERPRETATION
Must be payable to order or to bearer. Must contain an unconditional promise or order to pay It must be in writing and signed by the maker or drawer Must be payable on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time Where the instrument is addressed to a named or otherwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty.

What constitutes certainty as to sum
The sum payable is a sum certain within the meaning of this although it is to be paid With interest by stated installments by stated installments, with a provision that, upon default in payment of any installment or of interest, the whole shall become due with exchange, whether at a fixed rate or at the current rate with costs of collection or an attorney's fee, in case payment shall not be made at maturity.

Determinable future time; what constitutes
An unqualified order or promise to pay is unconditional within the meaning of this though coupled with An indication of a particular fund out of which reimbursement is to be made or a particular account to be debited with the amount

A statement of the transaction which gives rise to the instrument.
But an order or promise to pay out of a particular fund is not unconditional.

When promise is unconditional
An instrument is payable at a determinable future time, within the meaning of this Act, which is expressed to be payable On or before a fixed or determinable future time specified therein On or at a fixed period after the occurrence of a specified event which is certain to happen, though the time of happening be uncertain.

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